Journal: Volume 31, No. 2, 2026
Pages: 97 – 108
DOI: https://doi.org/10.62660/bcstu/2.2026.97
189 Views

Physical aspects of the IT industry: From software architectures to cyber-physical systems

Taras Liashuk
Received 01.12.2025
Revised 30.03.2026
Accepted 18.05.2026
Published 26.06.2026

Abstract

The functioning of modern computing systems is based on a complex interconnection of hardware and applied physical phenomena. The relevance of the study was determined by the fundamental dependence of technological innovations in the IT industry on the laws of physics, which simultaneously defined both limits (e.g. quantum tunnelling in nanometre-scale transistors) and new opportunities (e.g. quantum superposition in qubits). The aim of the work was to analyse the interconnection of fundamental physical laws with the hardware-software architecture of computing systems and to determine directions for future development. The methodology of the study was based on a systematic approach, including content analysis of high-quality scientific data, structural-functional analysis of physical clusters, and theoretical synthesis of interdisciplinary connections, supported by logical-graphical modelling. The main results of the study revealed that quantum mechanics and thermodynamics set the physical limits for transistor miniaturisation and managed the thermal regime of microchips, while optics was the foundation for high-speed data transmission and microchip lithography. Classical mechanics and electrodynamics ensured the functioning of cyber-physical systems, including automated control systems, robotic complexes, and wireless communication infrastructure. It was analysed that molecular physics and the modelling of nanoscale structures played a crucial role in the design of new semiconductor materials and the prediction of component durability based on appropriate computerphysical models. It was shown that nuclear and atomic physics played a key role in ensuring the radiation hardness of electronics and were considered a potential power source for highly autonomous computing complexes. Particular attention was paid to promising areas, specifically superconductivity, quantum computing, and quantum cryptography. The practical value of the work lies in forming a comprehensive perspective on the physical foundations of computing systems, which was critically important for computer and software engineers, and scientists when developing new materials, designing high-performance and energy-efficient microchips, and creating reliable autonomous and quantum computing systems

Keywords

computational physics; nanotechnology; computer modelling; planar technology; quantum computing; energy efficiency; signal integrity

References

  1. Ayso, E., & Kahveci, M. (2025). Impacts of relativistic effects on GNSS signal path and precise point positioning. Measurement Science and Technology, 36(6), article number 066318. doi: 10.1088/1361-6501/adddd3.
  2. Bairamkulov, R., & De Micheli, G. (2024). Superconductive electronics: A 25-year review. IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, 24(2), 16-33. doi: 10.1109/MCAS.2024.3376492.
  3. Bakshi, V., Mizoguchi, H., Liang, T., Grenville, A., & Benschop, J.P. (2017). Special section guest editorial: EUV lithography for the 3-nm node and beyond. Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS, 16(4), article number 041001. doi: 10.1117/1.JMM.16.4.041001.
  4. Basherlou, H.J., Parchin, N.O., & See, C.H. (2025). Antenna design and optimization for 5G, 6G, and IoT. Sensors, 25(5), article number 1494. doi: 10.3390/s25051494.
  5. Cai, Y., et al. (2020). Band structure, effective mass, and carrier mobility of few-layer h-AlN under layer and strain engineering. APL Materials, 8(2), article number 021107. doi: 10.1063/1.5139664.
  6. Camiola, V.D., Romano, V., & Vitanza, G. (2025). Quantum MEP hydrodynamical model for charge transport. Journal of Statistical Physics, 192, article number 20. doi: 10.1007/s10955-025-03395-z.
  7. Chen, G.S., Xu, J., & Hua, W. (2025). Nanoscale dynamics of air-bearing slider in computer hard disk drives. In Microsystem dynamics (pp. 99-176). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. doi: 10.1002/9781118848890.ch04.
  8. Chen, X.-K., Hu, X.-Y., Jia, P.-Z., & Xie, G.-F. (2022). First-principles determination of high thermal conductivity of PCF-graphene: A comparison with graphene. Applied Physics Letters, 121, article number 182205. doi: 10.1063/5.0123629.
  9. Cheng, B., Cao, M., Rao, R., Inani, A., Vande Voorde, P., & Greene, W.M. (1999). The impact of high-/spl kappa/ gate dielectrics and metal gate electrodes on sub-100 nm MOSFETs. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 46(7), 1537-1544. doi: 10.1109/16.772508.
  10. de Aguiar, Y.Q., Wrobel, F., Autran, J.-L., & Alía, G.R. (2025). Introduction to single-event effects. In Single-event effects, from space to accelerator environments. Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1088/1361-6501/adddd3.
  11. Ezratty, O. (2023). Perspective on superconducting qubit quantum computing. The European Physical Journal A, 59(5), article number 94. doi: 10.1140/epja/s10050-023-01006-7.
  12. Gharaibeh, M.A., & Gharaibeh, B.M.Y. (2023). Analytical evaluation of solder stress in electronic packages subjected to random vibrations. Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems, 10(4), 1265-1270. doi: 10.18280/mmep.100419.
  13. Goel, N., Kunal, K., Kushwaha, A., & Kumar, M. (2023). Metal oxide semiconductors for gas sensing. Engineering Reports, 5(6), article number e12604. doi: 10.1002/eng2.12604.
  14. Hidalgo, M.A. (2022). Quantum hall effects in two-dimensional electron systems: A global approach. The European Physical Journal Plus, 137(1), article number 58. doi: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-02173-6.
  15. Huang, H.-L., Wu, D., Fan, F., & Zhu, X. (2020). Superconducting quantum computing: A Review. Science China Information Sciences, 63, article number 180501. doi: 10.1007/s11432-020-2881-9.
  16. Jin, H., Li, E., Yuan, W., & Li, L. (2004). Parallel FDTD computing for EMC simulation in hihg-speed electronics. International Journal of Computational Engineering Science, 5(3), 575-588. doi: 10.1142/S1465876304002575.
  17. Kadri, M.B., Khatri, S.A., & Yousuf, S. (2025). Trajectory tracking control of a planar robotic arm using inverse dynamics and fuzzy gain scheduling: Simulation and experimental validation. IEEE Access, 13, 186736-186759. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3626418.
  18. Kalavathi, D. (2025). Modelling and optimisation of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in complex electronic system. International Journal on Science and Technology, 16(4), 1-10. doi: 10.71097/IJSAT.v16.i4.9770.
  19. Kehayias, P., et al. (2017). Solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a nanostructured diamond chip. Nature Communication, 8, article number 188. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00266-4.
  20. Kempe, V. (2011). Inertial MEMS: Principles and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/ CBO9780511933899.
  21. Khodayari, Z., Karimi R., & Ghobadi, N. (2026). Computational design of sub-5 nm high-performance double-gate FETs based on two-dimensional Janus LiMSSe (M = Al, Ga, In) monolayers. Applied Surface Science, 716, article number 164730. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.164730.
  22. Kim, H.-S., Kim, Y.-G., Jang, D.-M., Jang, J.-W., Lee, S.-Y., & Kim, H.-S. (2025). Prediction of fatigue life of semiconductor package under thermal cycling: Combined effect of package design and solder materials. Materials & Design, 254, article number 114059. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114059.
  23. Kim, T.-H. (2017). Analysis of optical communications, fiber optics, sensors and laser applications. Journal of Machine and Computing, 3(2), 115-125. doi: 10.53759/7669/jmc202303012.
  24. Kleger, A., & Meunier, V. (2023). Density functional theory study of the structural, electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties of Hf6Ta2O17. Materials Today Communications, 34, article number 105065. doi: 10.1016/j. mtcomm.2022.105065.
  25. Kumari, P. (2024). Quantum tunneling effects in ultra-scaled MOSFETs: A theoretical perspective on device miniaturization limits. International Journal of Physics and Applications, 6(1(B)), 139-143. doi: 10.33545/26647575.2024.v6.i1b.153.
  26. Lütkenhaus, N. (2019). Theory of quantum key distribution (QKD). In D. Bruß & G. Leuchs (Eds.), Quantum information: From foundations to quantum technology applications (pp. 353-367). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. doi: 10.1002/9783527805785.ch16.
  27. Ma, Z. (2025). Traditional and emerging memory technologies: Principles, applications and future trends. In Proceedings of the 2025 international conference on electronic and electrical information communications (EEIC 2025) (pp. 439-452). Amsterdam: Atlantis Press. doi: 10.2991/978-94-6463-864-6_41.
  28. Martin-Bragado, I., Tian, S.K., Johnson, M., Castrillo, P., Pinacho, R., Rubio, J., & Jaraiz M. (2006). Modeling charged defects, dopant diffusion and activation mechanisms for TCAD simulations using kinetic Monte Carlo. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 253(1-2), 63-67. doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2006.10.035.
  29. Mohammed, N.M., El-Maghlany, W.M., Elhelw, M., & Abdelaziz, A.H. (2025). Performance improvement of high-density data center via two-phase liquid immersion cooling. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 150, 2907-2924. doi: 10.1007/s10973-025-14006-0.
  30. Morales, M.A., Henry, T.C., & Salamanca-Riba, L.G. (2023). Model of electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness for a multifunctional composite containing carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer and copper mesh layers. Carbon, 212, article number 118179. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118179.
  31. Mubashr, A. (2025). Density functional theory: A quantum mechanical framework for novel materials design. Journal of Engineering, Science and Technological Trends, 2(3). doi: 10.64060/jestt.v2i3.1.
  32. Naveed, F.N.U., & Dix, J. (2025). A radiation-hardened 4-bit flash ADC with compact fault-tolerant logic for SEU mitigation. Electronics, 14(21), article number 4176. doi: 10.3390/electronics14214176.
  33. Oukaira, A. (2025). Quantum hardware devices (QHDs): Opportunities and challenges. IEEE Access, 13, 98229-98241. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3576216.
  34. Pal, S., & Ray, B.C. (2020). Molecular dynamics simulation of nanostructured materials: An understanding of mechanical behavior (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/9780429019845.
  35. Patsis, P.A., & Okalidis, P. (2025). Normal spiral grand-design morphologies in self-consistent n-body models. Galaxies, 13(6), article number 132. doi: 10.3390/galaxies13060132.
  36. Pendse, P. (2024). An overview on LiDAR for autonomous vehicles. Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10992392.
  37. Rasolomampionona, D.D., & Kłos, M. (2023). Energy storage systems and their role in smart grids. In Smart grids technology and applications. London: IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.103945.
  38. Song, J.-K., & Wu, S.-T. (2024). Optical materials and applications for AR and VR display systems. ACS Applied Optical Materials, 2(7), 1245-1246. doi: 10.1021/acsaom.4c00226.
  39. Sung, N.-J., Ma, J., Hor, K., Kim, T., Va, H., Choi, Y.-J., & Hong, M. (2025). Real-time physics simulation method for XR application. Computers, 14(1), article number 17. doi: 10.3390/computers14010017.
  40. Tari, I., & Yalcin, F.S. (2010). CFD analyses of a notebook computer thermal management system and a proposed passive cooling alternative. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, 33(2), 443-452. doi: 10.1109/TCAPT.2010.2044505.
  41. Vanatta, M., Patel, D., Allen, T., Cooper, D., & Craig, M.T. (2024). Technoeconomic analysis of small modular reactors decarbonizing industrial process heat. Joule, 8(2), 542-552. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2024.02.001.
  42. Wang, S., Cao, Y., Zheng, X., & Zhang, T. (2022). Collision-free trajectory planning for a 6-DoF free-floating space robot via hierarchical decoupling optimization. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 7(2), 4953-4960. doi: 10.1109/LRA.2022.3152698.
  43. Yunping, L., Xijie, H., Yonghong, Z., & Yukang, Z. (2018). Dynamic stability and control of a manipulating unmanned aerial vehicle. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2018(9), article number 3481328. doi: 10.1155/2018/3481328.
  44. Zhou, J. (2022). A review of LiDAR sensor technologies for perception in automated driving. Academic Journal of Science and Technology, 3(3), 255-261. doi: 10.54097/ajst.v3i3.2993.

Suggested citation

Liashuk, T. (2026). Physical aspects of the IT industry: From software architectures to cyber-physical systems. Bulletin of Cherkasy State Technological University, 31(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.62660/bcstu/2.2026.97